The Catcher in the Rye | Psychology Analysis

The Catcher in the Rye | Psychology Analysis Holdens father is a lawyer who seems to be rather strict and very interested in appearances, he shows this by making sure that Holden stays in exclusive prep schools. He never got to know Holden because of this. His mother is mentioned as being nervous as hell, suffering numerous headaches and smoking most nights. All of it is blamed on her never getting over Allies death. Holden never got to know his parents because he was for the most part sent to boarding schools. He never had a chance at developing a healthy relationship with his parents. Holdens family is obviously very important to him. At the beginning of his account he begins with talking about his parents and his brother. Holden negatively criticizes them to conceal the fact that he truly loves them. Holden is constantly being sent from one boarding school to a new. The emotional distance between him and his parents strengthens his general alienation from everyone. He has a good relationship with his sister, Phoebe. He loves his sister and admires her. He wants to protect Phoebe from the cruel world. Phoebe understands what Holden is talking about and what he is going through. Holden feels the constant need to protect her from the cruel world around her. Phoebe is concerned about Holdens future and what will happen to him when their dad become aware of Holden getting kicked out of boarding school (pg 164 Salinger). When Holden was going to run off to the west, she tells him that if he goes, she will too (pg 207 Salinger). After this Holden seems to be able to comprehend the reality that she will be destroying her life if she runs with him, and decides that he will go home with her. This is the only moment that Holden puts another person ahead of himself and acknowledges that he has the capacity to change the lives of others. This judgment of his shows that there may be hope that Holden has the capability to heal into a fully functioning adult s ubsequently to his re-entry into the world after exiting the mental hospital. For his deceased brother Allie, which I suspect has cause a majority of Holdens psychological problems. He idealizes him. According to Holden, hes the most intelligent, nicest, most charming kid with a great sense of humor you will ever come across (pg 38 Salinger). In Holdens worship for his brother and in his pain over Allies death, Holden has overrated Allie into a saint. Allie died when he was eleven years old, still a child and innocent. Having by no means been tainted by the world of adults, Allie is probably the individual Holden could catch in a field of rye, the only person who never has to go over the edge of the great cliff. This is why, when Phoebe asked Holden to name one thing he likes, he responds with Allie.(pg 171 Salinger) D.B. is Holdens older brother is a screenwriter in Hollywood. He use to write great stories, so great, that Holden credits him with being his favorite writer. D.B. is also the pinnacle of phoniness in Holdens mind because hes forfeited his art (writing stories) for money (writing screenplays for Hollywood). Holden recounts a flash back of When D.B. came back from the army D.B. says that the army is full of traitors. Holden then adds his own opinion about the army which is very similar to D.B. This was one of the very few moments they ever bonded. 3. Relationship with peers Holden does not have a good association with his friends He frequently feels perplexed and lonely because he has no friends. He passes judgment on his roommates, Ackley and Stradlater when he was at Pencey. He hates Stradlater and feels jealous of him. He feels sorry for Ackley, even though they are both similar. Holden considers that all everyone around him are phony. He feels strong resentment against everyone and he does not know how to develop a healthy relationship with other people. He feels alienated or excluded from society because he never had a chance to develop his social skills because he always was being shipped to different boarding schools. Not have the chance to make new friends 4. Sexuality / Physical maturity Holden is not ready for sex. He is interested about sex, but he is not emotionally ready for sex. When Sunny the prostitute came by (pg 93 Salinger), he did not desire to have sex. He felt distress when he heard that Stradlater might have sex with Jane. He does not think that there should be casual sex between two people. He feels that sex should take place when two people are in love. even though Holden is struggling to hold on to his innocence, he is preoccupied by the thought of sex. He believes you should not be intimate with a girl unless you know her very well and like her a lot. He sees this belief as a weakness. When Stradlater takes out Jane, his childhood friend, Holden becomes more than just jealous he becomes enraged at the thought that Stradlater may give her the time even though this is their first date. He is also disturbed by the fact that he is aroused by women he does not care for, such as the blonde tourist he dances with in the Lavender Room or Sally Hayes, who he wants to run away and get married to. However, she is not into the idea and probably scared off by his advances. Nothing about Holdens way of thinking is logical at this point in his recount. 5. Attitude too authority Holden applies the term phony not to people who are insincere but to those who are too conventional or too typical, for instance, individuals who dress and behave like the other members of their social class. While Holden exploits the label phony to imply that such people are superficial, his use of the term in fact indicates that his own perceptions of other people are superficial. In almost every case, he rejects more complex conclusions in favor of simple categorical ones. 6. Philosophy of life He is a confused teenager, overly sensitive to the normal complexity of the adult world (which he insists on calling phony) and unable to understand the truth that life is neither black nor white. I dont think Holden is able to determine what he believes and so calls himself a sort of atheist, emphasizing not so much belief or disbelief, but rather his inability to distinguish between the two. Holdens outlook on life reflects Holdens current dilemma in that Holden is now unidentified of society and fights corrupt phonies., the sum of such a traumatic history results in negative impact on Holdens mental health as he becomes misplaced and roams about the streets. Having dark thoughts as he searches without end and pointlessly for stability in life and ultimate finds himself on the brink of emotional breakdown. 7. Use of language / attention span / consistency of thought Holdens language typically stays away offensive and obscene. On every occasion he says words like ass, it is simply teenage phrasing for a part of the human body. He does not say it to be distasteful. Ass is basically an additional word Holden uses to better convey ideas. His terminology contains terminology that is religious, even though are not used that way. He uses words that pertain to the divine such as Gods sake, God and goddam, nevertheless, he never means it in a profane manner. They are only parts of his speech. He uses these words in an informal way when referring to his goddam hunting cap or saying somebody is a goddam moron. Holden has a very short attention span and cannot or does not want to focus on details. He changes subjects quickly and has difficulty focusing on one thing at times. Holden clearly states STANDARD PSYCHIATRIC RELEASE FORM (page 4) that he finds it hard concentrating during his discussion with Phoebe about what he likes in life, I couldnt concentrate too hot. Sometimes its hard thinking. (pg 169 Salinger) Holden is trying to reinforce his values. Holden repeatedly comments on his hatred toward phonies. That is one thing that Holden hates more than almost anything. That could be the reason he frequently confirms a statement with I really do, It really does, or if you want to know the truth. He also confirms comments by repeating them twice like She likes me a lot. I mean shes quite fond of me. He uses different phrases and styles to give a more truthful backing to his comments, as a result preventing himself from seeming like a phony. 8. Conclusion (explanation, rationale, and recommendations) In my best judgment as a psychiatrist I believe that Holden is not ready for release due to his unstable psychological state. After evaluating his account I believe Holden is suffering from Posttraumatic stress disorder from the traumatizing events during his child hood such as his Classmate jumping out a window and his brother Allie, dying from leukemia. I also believe he is suffering from Gerontophobia which is the fear of growing up which he constantly shows as he tries to protect his childhood innocence from society. He shows signs of ADH as he changes topics quite frequently during his account and states that he finds concentrating difficult. He is a Pathological liar because he constructs a perfect world around him where he never loses his innocence and tries to protect children from the dangers of the adult world. He constantly defends his reality when it is challenged, such as when Phoebe challenges him and his perfect world he does not listen to her reasoning and does not li sten to her. He is also showing signs of Major depressive disorder he shows this through his irritability, and his moods change very quickly. He also hates to focus on details, and spent time thinking over them. Most importantly at one point in his recount he had thoughts of suicide. The final psychological problem he has is Bipolar disorder because he did rarely sleep; he was highly irritable and had suicidal ideation. In order to treat Holdens psychological problems I would suggest individual and family counseling with his parents in order to cure his alienation from society.

Ethics and Social Responsibilities of Business Essay

The emergence of management as a distinct and identifiable activity in the modern era has had an important impact on the society with which it developed (Massie 1995). Till the early days of the twentieth century, organizations were predominantly concerned with their respective profit-maximizing activities. However, this singular intention of profit maximization of business farms was protested by the social activists during the later half of the 20th century. They pointed out that, since the organizations drive their business from the society, the former must possess some obligations towards the interests and welfare of the later. The concept of business ethics and corporate responsibility gained immense importance after the publication of Bowen’s Social Responsibilities of Businessman in the year 1953. Bowen opines that business corporations should have certain responsibilities towards the society in which it operates. Often business ethics and its social responsibilities are regarded as their â€Å"science of conduct† (McNamara).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ethics is the study of morality and standards of conducts (Fred and Richard, 480). The term ‘ethics’ is, in generally, used to refer to the rules and principles that define right and wrong conduct. The study of ethics is of immense importance in international management because ethical behavior in a particular country may be considered as an unethical practice in other countries. Ethical behavior of business has become an important aspect in today’s corporate environment. Even in the United States, trading scandals, bribes etc. have gained considerable media exposures and have aroused public concern regarding ethical practices in international business management. Corporate business ethics is primarily concerned with honesty, truth and justice and should consider several aspects like the expectations of society, fair competition, public relations, consumer autonomy, social responsibilities, adherence to the rules in the operating country, and so on. An organization should be always responsible in creating an environment that fosters ethical decision-making. Corporate social responsibility is seriously considering the impact of the company’s actions on society. In the views of Andrews, social responsibility means the intelligent and objective concern for the welfare of society that restrains individuals and corporate behavior from ultimately destructive activities, no matter how immediately profitable and signifies the positive contribution to human betterment. Social responsibility contends that the business organizations are responsible to all the interest groups with which it interacts. All the interests groups such as employees, customers, suppliers, government and society should be given importance equal to that of the shareholders of the respective companies. Thus, ethical and social responsibilities signifies that the management should pay attention to the welfare of the workers, consumers’ needs and safety, the interests and rights of creditors, government’s rules, regulations and policies, and the obligations of the organization towards society as a whole. Thus, in other words, â€Å"Corporate social responsibility indicates the management’s commitment towards upholding the interests of direct stakeholders and to behave in an economically and environmentally responsible manner† (Davis and Robert, 1975). Ethical and Social Responsibility of Corporate Organizations Corporate organizations which are concerned about business ethics and corporate social responsibility need to identify various interest groups which may influence the functioning of a firm and which, in turn, may be affected by the firm’s decisions. In fact, business enterprises are primarily responsible for the well being of six major interest groups which are discussed hereunder one by one: Protecting Shareholders’ Interests The most important responsibility of business organizations is to protect the interests of its shareholders. The shareholders provide the core resource – the capital – that enables an organization to operate and grow. They expect the management to use the capital judiciously and operate the business in an efficient way that would ensure a healthy return on their investment, both through dividends and through increase in stock value. Shareholders should be provided with adequate and timely information about the functioning of the organization. Protecting Employees’ Interests Employees are the biggest assets of the organizations. In the early days, managers regarded employees merely as one of the factors of production and denied them the right to obtain an equal distribution of income. But, with the passage of time, the situation has changed in a considerable way. Now, it is absolutely mandatory for the management to protect its employees’ interests. Government laws and regulations have now define the responsibilities of the employer – ensuring equal employment rights for men and women, offering timely pensions and other retirement benefits, and providing and maintaining a secure and healthy working environment. To protect the interests of employees, management must Treat the employees as the basic pillars of the organization. Develop administrative processes that promote cooperation between employers and employees. Foster a harmonious work atmosphere by adopting a progressive labor policy. This includes allowing the participation of workers in management, creating a sense of involvement, and improving the working conditions and living standards of workers. Provide fair wages (not merely the one determined by the market forces of demand and supply) and other financial benefits to workers to keep them motivated. Fair selection, training and promotion based on quality and merit – without any discrimination on the grounds of sex, race, religion, physical appearance and so on. Protecting Customers’ Interests In the recent times, great attention is delivered to the customers. In the age of cut-throat competition, business firms have rightly begun to realize the importance of maintaining a healthy relationship with the consumers. The growth and development of consumerism has compelled the organizations to become more aware of their duties and responsibilities towards the customers. â€Å"The most successful businesses put the customer first, instead of the investors† (Mackey). Business firms should fulfill their obligations to their customers by Charging reasonable prices for their products. Ensuring the provision of standardized and quality goods and services. Ensuring the easy availability of goods and services, so that customers do not have to spend too much time and energy in procuring them. Abstaining from unethical practices like hoarding, profiteering or creating artificial scarcity, misleading advertisement and so on. Refraining from deceiving customers by making false or misleading claims. Protecting Creditors and Suppliers’ Interests All the inputs productions are provided by the creditors and suppliers in the form of raw materials and capital. Hence, the management must take proper care in fulfilling its obligations towards the former. This can be done by: Creating a long-term and healthy business relationship with them. Making prompt payments to creditors and suppliers. Providing them with accurate, relevant and needed information. Protecting Society’s Interest Organizations function within a social system and draw their resources from this system. Therefore, they have certain obligations towards society. The management of business organizations can fulfill their obligations toward society by preserving and enhancing the well-being of the members of society. Management can do so in the following ways: Using its technical expertise to solve local problems. Setting socially desirable standards of living and avoiding unnecessary and wasteful expenditure. Playing an important role in civic affairs. Helping the society in events of national calamity, famine, war, and so on. Providing basic amenities, healthcare and education facilities, thus creating better living conditions. Establishing development programmers for the benefit of economically weaker sections of  the society. Protecting Governments’ Interests In any country, the Government provides the basic requirements for the survival and growth of business organizations. Most of the rules and policies which the government imposes are mainly in the favor of the businesses. Hence, the business, in turn, must have certain obligations to the business: Be law-abiding – respect the rules, procedures and policies of the government Pay all taxes and other dues fully, timely and honestly. Not bribe government employees and officials to obtain favors for the company. Not try to use political influence in its favor for own interests. Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility In the modern era, the expectations of the consumers and the society have immensely changed and, resultantly, modern corporations have become much aware of their ethical and social responsiveness. However, opinions vary from scholars to scholars as to whether business should possess much, at least any, ethical and social responsibilities. Disadvantages The motive of any business is to maximize its profit. However, much ethical values and social responsibilities may act against this objective. Any investment (or loss) incurred by the business as a result of good social or ethical behavior are adjusted by increasing the selling of its products. Hence, â€Å"the motive would be socially less desirable than in the days before when business were concerned with social responsibilities† (Friedman 1970). Business derives immense power through its social involvements and ethical behavior. This power is generally derived from the government or through other political means. This increment in power can lead to corruption and even conflicts with customers, governments and the society as a whole in the subsequent times. Generally, business people lack the required skills to deal with the problems outside the organization. Social responsibility can be an excess burden of duty to them. Advantages Social involvements and strong ethical behavior boost up the image of the business corporations in the eye of the customers. Being socially responsive, business can increase the number of its loyal customers. A favorable public image helps the business to attract more employees, customers and investors. By being socially responsible, business organizations can easily avoid the attention of regulatory agencies and earn government’s trust; resulting in increasing flexibility and independence in their mode of operations. Businesses can increase conservation of natural resources by being socially responsible. For example, Items that were considered as waste before (like empty soft drink cans and plastic bottles) can be recycled and profitably used again. Society and business are equally benefited if a symbiotic relationship exists between the two. Instead of allowing high rate of unemployment leading to social crisis (which may ruin business operations in subsequent periods), businesses can rather be the source of employment in the economy for qualified and eligible people. Conclusion It is beyond any iota of doubt that every civil citizen must possess some moral or ethical values and responsibilities for the society in which he lives. Business organizations, considered as ‘artificial people’, therefore, should have the same values incorporated in it. Obviously, there are certain principles which is directed against this conclusion, but it is a cardinal truth that business corporations must â€Å"behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large† (Holme and Watts). References Bowen, H.R. (1953), Social Responsibilities of the Businessman, Harper & Row, New York, NY Corporate Social Responsibility: Evolution of a Definitional Construct: Carroll Business Society.1999, pp. 268-295 Davis, K. and Robert, L. B. Business and Society, Environment and Responsibility, Revised   Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Book Company Inc. New York, 1975 Friedman, M. The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profit, New York   Times Magazine, 13 September, 1970 Kuhn, J.W. Issues and Analysis, Values in a Business Society, Harcourt Brace Jonanovich, New York, 1968 Holme, L and Watts, R. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development,â€Å"Making   Good Business Sense† – http://www.mallenbaker.net/csr/CSRfiles/definition.html Joseph, L. M. Ethical and Environmental Foundations, Essentials of Management, Fourth Edition, Thirteenth Indian Reprint, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 1995 Mackey, J. (adapted from) Rethinking the Social Responsibilities of Business, October 2005   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.reason.com/news/show/32239.html McNamara, C. Complete Guide to Ethics Management: An Ethics Toolkit for Managers http://www.managementhelp.org/ethics/ethxgde.htm Richard, M.H. and Fred, L. Ethics and Social Responsibilities, International Management, Third Edition, McGraw Hill International Editions, 1997 Stehi, S.P, Dimensions of Corporate Social Performance, An analytical Framework,   California Management Review, Vol. 17, No. 3, 1975, p. 58 – 64 The International Seminar on Social Responsibilities of Business: (as quoted by Mukharji, P.B. Social Responsibilities of Business, p. 9

The Greatest Economic Disaster - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 700 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/03 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Great Depression Essay Did you like this example? The Great Depression of the 1930s was the greatest economic disaster the United States has ever experienced. The effects were lasting and far-reaching. Though there were multiple factors that contributed to this disaster, one underlies them all. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Greatest Economic Disaster" essay for you Create order The most contributing factor to the Great Depression was the rampant consumerism of the 1920s because this consumerism led to overproduction of goods, extensions of credit for people to purchase these goods, and speculative investments in stocks of the companies that produced those goods. It was a consumer bubble that was doomed to burst. The New Deal sought to address these problems by instituting legislation that would balance the costs of goods through regulation of production and costs. During the 1920s, consumer goods such as the automobile were in great demand. In response to this great demand for consumer goods, manufacturers produced to meet the demand. But, when demand for these goods slowed due to market saturation, there was a surplus in inventory. With this surplus of inventory, manufacturers were forced to reduce production. This caused a cascading effect. With less consumption, there was less money flowing into the businesses. With less money, there was slowed production. With less production, there was less need for labor and companies were forced to fire their workers. These workers were also consumers who would then have been stripped of their income, thus their ability to purchase goods. The increased demand for goods in the 1920s led businesses to extend credit to consumers for purchases. During the period preceding the Great Depression, most large consumer purchases such as automobiles and appliances were purchased on credit. Banks, also, during the 1920s had extended credit and loans to farmers and consumers with the assumption that the boom economy would continue, and the loans would be repaid with interest. Unfortunately, that was a gamble that would contribute to the failure of many banks. With farmers unable to sell their surplus of agricultural products, they were unable to repay their loans. Other consumers, now out of work, were unable to repay their debts. Banks called in debts and tightened credit. The response of the public to the banks reactions was that of fear and panic. People rushed to withdraw their money from the banks for fear the institutions would close. But, this response caused another major contributing factor to the Great Depression, that of the bank failures. In response to the increased consumer demand for goods in the 1920s, many individuals participated in speculation in the stock market. During the boom time, companies were profiting, and stock holders were benefitting in return. This period of consumerism drove stocks to ever higher prices. Individuals were often investing in the stock market on margin, or credit essentially, in the hopes of significant enough return to pay back the loan. The combination of the overproduction of goods, decreasing prices because of the surplus, the overpriced stocks and speculation on margin would ultimately culminate in the stock market crash of October 1929, Black Tuesday. The election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt would give the United States new hope for economic recovery. Roosevelt introduced significant legislation aimed at repairing the American economy. Many of these pieces of legislation would be aimed at repairing damage caused by the contributing factors to the Great Depression. Roosevelt spoke in his campaign address of how his goals were to address the issues of underconsumption and overproduction and adapt production to meet consumption. Two key efforts would be aimed directly at achieving these goals. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration aimed to raise the prices of agricultural goods while offering incentives to reduce production. The National Industrial Recovery Act aimed to regulate production, prices, and employment practices while providing incentives to companies for complying with the conditions of the Act. Though there were multiple factors that contributed to the Great Depression, one theme would underly them all. This theme of consumerism would be the driving force behind the other contributing factors for this greatest of economic failures. Franklin Delano Roosevelts election brought many new policies aimed to repair the damage caused by these factors some of which are still present today. The New Deal brought relief and a period of economic recovery to the nation.

The Five Big Reasons to Earn an MBA Degree

An Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree  is a type of business degree offered through business schools and graduate-level programs at colleges and universities. An MBA can be earned after you have obtained a bachelors degree or the equivalent. Most students earn their MBA from a full-time, part-time, accelerated, or executive program. There are many reasons people decide to earn a degree. Most of them are tied in some way to career advancement, career change, a desire to lead, higher earnings, or genuine interest. Lets explore each of these reasons in turn. (When youre finished, be sure to check out the three main  reasons why you shouldnt get an MBA.) Because You Want to Advance Your Career Although it may be possible to climb the ranks over the years, there are some careers that require an MBA for advancement. A few examples include areas of finance and banking as well as consultancy. Furthermore, there are also some companies that will not promote employees who do not continue or improve education through an MBA program. Earning an MBA does not guarantee career advancement, but it certainly doesnt hurt employment or promotion prospects. Because You Want to Change Careers If you are interested in changing careers, switching industries, or making yourself a marketable employee in a variety of fields, an MBA degree can help you do all three. While enrolled in an MBA program, you will have the opportunity to learn general business and management expertise that can be applied to nearly any industry. You may also get the chance to specialize in a particular area of business, such as accounting, finance, marketing, or human resources. Specializing in one area will prepare you to work in that field after graduation regardless of your undergraduate degree or previous work experience.   Because You Want to Assume a Leadership Role Not every business leader or executive has an MBA. However, it may be easier to assume or be considered for leadership roles if you have an MBA education behind you. While enrolled in an MBA program, you will study leadership, business, and management philosophies that can be applied to almost any leadership role. Business school may also give you hands-on experience leading study groups, classroom discussions, and school organizations.  The experiences that you have in an MBA program can even help you develop entrepreneurial capabilities that might allow you to start your own company. It is not uncommon for business school students to start their own entrepreneurial venture alone or with other students in their second or third year of an MBA program.   Because You Want to Earn More Money Earning money is the reason why most people go to work. Money is also the primary reason why some people go to graduate school to obtain more higher education. Its no secret that MBA degree holders tend to have higher earnings than people with a lesser undergraduate degree. According to some reports, average MBAs earn  50 percent more after earning their degree than they did before earning their degree. An MBA degree doesnt guarantee higher earnings - there is no guarantee for that, but it certainly wont hurt your chances of earning more than you do now.   Because You Are Truly Interested in Studying Business One of the best reasons to get an MBA is because you are truly interested in studying business administration. If you enjoy the topic and feel like you can increase your knowledge and expertise, pursuing an MBA for the simple sake of getting an education is probably a worthy goal.